GRE Reading Comprehension

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Source: NO9

Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism has been the notion that every true generalization must be conformable by specific observations. In classical empiricism, the truth of "All balls are red," for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any observation of a nonred ball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization.

For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly "narrow" conception of empiricism. "All balls are red," he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge);individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole. As new observations are collected, he explains they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a contradiction develops between a new observation, say, "That ball is blue," and the preexisting statements. In that case, he argues, statement or combination of statements (not merely the "offending" generalization, as in classical empiricism) can be altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists of labeling the new observation a "hallucination.

Question List: 1 2 3 4

It can be inferred from the passage that Quine considers classical empiricism to be "overly 'narrow' " (line 11) for which of the following reasons?

I. Classical empiricism requires that our system of generalizations be free of contradictions.

II. Classical empiricism demands that in the case of a contradiction between an individual observation and a generalization, the generalization must be abandoned.

III. Classical empiricism asserts that every observation will either confirm an existing generalization or initiate a new generalization.

  • A II only
  • B I and II only
  • C I and III only
  • D II and III only
  • E I, II, and III

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