GRE Reading Comprehension

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Chimps and children, gulls and Greeks-the ethologists go their merry way, comparing bits of human cultural behavior with bits of genetically programmed animal behavior. True, humans are animals; they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animals. But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior. Thus one ethologist compares the presentation of a twig by a cormorant with gift-giving in humans. Yet the cormorant's twig-presentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts. Everything significant about it derives from its social context. Thus, ethologists can accomplish little-beyond reminding us that we are animals-until they study humans as cultural beings.

Question List: 1 2 3

The author is primarily concerned with

  • A Demonstrating the usefulness of ethology in discovering the behavioral limits within which humans operate
  • B objecting to the degradation of humanity implicit in the ethologists equation of humans and animals
  • C pointing out the dangers inherent in comparing highly dissimilar species, such as humans and cormorants, rather than similar ones, such as humans and apes
  • D refuting the idea that the appeasement rituals in human cultural behavior can be profitably subjected to ethological analysis
  • E arguing that the ethologists' assumption that human behavior can be straightforwardly compared with animal behavior is invalid

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