GRE Reading Comprehension

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Source: 1994

Before 1965 many scientists picturedthe circulation of the ocean's water mass as consisting of large, slow-moving currents, such as the Gulf Stream. That view, based on 100 years of observations made around the globe, produced only a rough approximation of the true circulation.But in the 1950's and the 1960's, researchers began to employ newly developed techniques and equipment,including subsurface floats that　move with ocean currents and emit identification signals, and ocean- current meters that record data for months at fixed locations in the ocean. These instruments disclosed an unexpected level of variability in the deep ocean. Rather than being characterized by smooth, large-scale currents that change seasonally (if at all), the seas are dominated by what oceanographers call mesoscale fields: fluctuating, energetic flows whose velocity can reach ten times the mean velocity of the major currents.

Mesoscale phenomena-the oceanic　analogue of weather systems-often　extend to distances of 100 kilometers and persist for 100 days(weather　systems generally extend about 1,000 kilometers and last 3 to 5 days in any given area). More than 90 percent of the kinetic energy of the entireocean may be accounted for by mesoscale variability rather than by large-scale currents. Mesoscale phenomena may,in fact, play a significant role in oceanic mixing, air-sea interactions,and occasional but far-reaching- climatic events such as EI Nino. The atmospheric-occanic disturbance in the equatorial Pacific that aftects global weather patterns.

Unfortunately, it is not feasibleto use conventional techniques to measure mesoscale fields. To measure them properly, monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers,with sensors at each grid pointlowered deep in the ocean and keptthere for many months. Because usingthese techniques would be prohibitivelyexpensive and time-consuming, it wasproposed in 1979 that tomography beadapted to measuring the physicalproperties of the ocean. In medicaltomography x-rays map the human body'sdensity variations (and hence internalorgans); the information from the x-rays, transmitted through the body along many different paths, isrecombined to form three-dimensional images of the body's interior. It isprimarily this multiplicative increasein data obtained from the multipath transmission of signals that accounts for oceanographers' attraction to tomography: it allows the measurement of vast areas with relatively few instruments. Researchers reasoned that low-frequency sound waves, because they are so well described mathematically and because even small perturbations in emitted sound waves can be detected, could be transmitted through the ocean over many, differentpaths and that the properties of the ocean's interior-its temperature,salinity, density, and speed of　currents-could be deduced on the basis of how the ocean altered the signals. Their initial trials were highly successful, and ocean acoustic tomography was born.

Question List: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

According to the passage, scientists are able to use ocean acoustic tomography to deduce the properties of the ocean's interior in part because

  • A low-frequency sound waves are well described mathematically
  • B mesoscale phenomena are so large as to be easily detectable
  • C information from sound waves can be recombined more easily than information from x-rays
  • D tomography is better suited to measuring mesoscale phenomena than to measuring small-scale systems
  • E density variations in the ocean are mathematically predictable

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