GMAT Reading Comprehension
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Source: OG11th
Level: 3
Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the"relational"feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of"equality in difference"or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for a11. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for a11 women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers；they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall：because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
- A A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
- B A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
- C A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
- D Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
- E Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.